A framework for understanding and applying practical surveying methods is developed. Consideration of error theory and the concepts of precision of and accuracy yields understanding of the probabilistic nature of measurements. The principles of differential leveling, taping, electronic distance measurement and angular measurement are studied and applied using state-of-the-art surveying equipment and software tools. Plane surveys are principally explored, although the fundamentals of geodetic surveys are also presented. Traverse, triangulation, trilateration, level networks and the proper adjustment of related measurements are examined. Control survey, land survey, topographic survey, horizontal and vertical curve design, computer-aided mapping and GIS applications are included. Extensive use of laboratory periods permits application of surveying fundamentals, methods and planning skills to actual field situations. The principles of the global positioning system are explored and applications in the Army and surveying are applied in the final lab exercise.
